Territories of the Middle East form the region, where the earliest civilizations have been developing. In 100 century BC the groups of ancient farmers and hunters lived around the areas from Persian Gulf to the eastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and Egypt.  Soon, these settlements formed the most advanced early human civilizations: the Shumarians, the Assirians, the Babylonians, and later on the Persian Empire of Achaemenids and the Seleucid State.By the first centuries of our era, the majority of the Middle East territories were taken under control of growing Roman Empire. This resulted in introducing Christianity and foundation of Constantinople (modern Istanbul) as one of the most principal and developing cities of the region. Constantinople became a capital of powerful Greco-Roman Byzantine Empire, which dominated at the areas from Egypt to Syria and became advanced trade and cultural center of the world. The other parts of the Middle East region included Mesopotamia and Persian Empires.

In the 7th century Christian religion of the region was edged out by Islam, which came from Arabian Peninsula and spread around the territories of the Middle East up to Anatolian lands of modern Turkey. Therefore, the period of Arab caliphate domination has started. The epoch of Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates can be characterized with occasional economic rises, increase of commercial activity, cultural explosion, and development of big cities, like Cairo, Baghdad, Damascus, and Basra.In the 11th century migrating army of the Seljuk Turks invaded territories of Persia, Iraq, Palestine, and managed to win some lands of Anatolian region and Egypt from powerful Byzantine Empire. As a result, long lasting Arabian domination ended by establishing of the Seljuks supremacy. This historical period was accompanied by numerous wars and armed conflicts between Islam and Christian societies, and also by short-term invasion of Mongol Armies in the 13th century. A number of Turkish sultans controlled different parts of the region from Egypt to Palestine, and only Arabian lands remained under control of Arabian rulers.

By the 15th century Turkish sultans decided to unite their lands and form powerful and aggressive Ottoman Empire. Crowded army of this state started extensive military activities around Anatolian region, expanding both to the South-East and North. Very soon it captured the lands of Iraq and Egypt, and on the North it got advanced up to present territories of Hungary, enforcing Islam upon European nations. But in the 17th century rapid progress in technology and economy allowed Europe to drive out Ottoman powers back to the East.The 18th century brought numerous wars and battles, which resulted in loss of Ottoman control over major areas of the Middle East and establishment of European domination (mostly French and British) in some territories (by the 19th century). Ottoman Empire grew more and more dependent on European powers. Besides, obvious progress of European nations in political economical and social life caused serious reformations and revolutions in some states of the region.

Thus, after the World War I, Ottoman Empire was transformed by its new leader Kemal Ataturk into the Turkish Republic, according to European standards. Countries like Syria, Iraq or Egypt remained under protectorate of France and Britain, and in the 20s and the 30s they started fight for independence. Many political conflicts took place around Israel, which is not a Muslim state in the region. Discovery of oil caused a huge rise of economy and technology in Arabian countries. But, at the same time, the number of political and religious misunderstanding was growing bigger, so the Middle East became one of the most dangerous regions of the planet.

Very frequently solving of numerous disagreements in this region required intervention of the other powerful countries of the world, like USA, Britain, or Russia. Such problems, like ethnicity, religious and political viewpoints, presence of numerous military bases, fight for independence and human rights are among the main reasons of permanent tension and critical situations in the Middle East, both on domestic and international levels.Territories of this region are very rich with natural resources and arable lands. That’s why throughout the history they were a very desirable target of many rulers. The Middle East became epicenter of more than 20 key international conflicts, starting with Greco-Persian wars and ending with Iran-Iraq armed conflict.

Article Source: The Middle East

Two decades ago, Internet entered the majority of houses and offices around the world. It opened a huge number of new opportunities for everybody and became the easiest and fastest way to obtain any sort of information. That is why the importance of Internet marketing and promotion of the goods or services is obvious, and nowadays such a new development of promotion as online marketing is becoming more and more popular and effective, especially for small and developing business.

Principles of marketing and selling online do not differ from traditional approaches; a company must present and offer particular product or service to its potential customers. The strategy of online marketing may have different directions: to create own web-site and establish distribution of the goods at it, or to place banners with the ads or ad wares embedded into free software, or to use indirect marketing, placing some commentaries or articles, stimulating the interest to the goods, etc.

The effectiveness of online marketing is likely to depend on the very goods or services, which a company promotes. To make a decision about the necessity, prospects and probable efficiency of online marketing, management of the company must study its advantages and disadvantages very precisely.

The main positive feature of online marketing is its opportunity to reach a huge target audience: it helps to inform tremendous amount of people around the globe about the goods or services and enhance the market of potential customers. Modern Internet technologies in marketing and banking system allow customers to find and buy goods without leaving the homes, and it advantages online promotion a lot. Besides, creating own web-site and supporting it with necessary services is relatively easy and low cost, especially if to compare this with paying for creating of TV visuals, or participation in prestigious exhibitions.

At the same time strategy of online marketing can be characterized with relatively narrow opportunities in presenting and demonstrating some types of goods, if to compare with, for example, store display or exhibition. That is why unrealistic expectations of customers may become a problem.  Second, a previous negative experience with Internet may become an obstacle for many potential customers to find the goods and to trust in the suppliers. Many people, being afraid to be cheated or fall in a fraud, may not respond on online advertising, though they are really interested.

It is always important for marketing specialists to monitor the effectiveness of their strategies. There are some ways of doing this in online marketing, like using of special tracking tools and log-file analyzers, which can provide with information about how the customers find out the site, where the customers are from, and how many times they visit the site. Such data, which frequently is very bulky, must be processed dynamically. It can be also effective to use information of special statistics site or pop-up surveys to learn the opinion of people, but many Internet users neglect and ignore participating in them, especially if many questions are asked.

Lately, the abundance of various Internet ads and banners becomes more and more annoying for many people, because a lot of online marketing information is received against the will of Internet users, like spam, pop-up windows, or bothering banners. That is why it is very important for successful Internet marketing strategy to make sure that the information about goods or services to be promoted is delivered as close as possible to the potential market on a domestic or global basis.

Undoubtedly, online marketing instruments will improve, develop and will grow more effective. Of course, it will not replace, but support and complement traditional marketing activities. And it would be the best way for a market player to combine both marketing approaches to make business more profitable and successful.

Article Source: Internet Marketing

Another book on children’s welfare was written on the topic of children’s welfare in Sudan. It is about those children’s who are living at the streets and are the slaves and those children who are recruited in the armed forces of the country. In Sudan due to many reasons the children’s recruitment in the armed forces is a very common thing. These children are directly involved in the conflicts and they have no right to go back to homes. They are the direct participants in the war, and other internal fights of the country. The writer describes that after the several conventions of children’s welfare and many more practices, there has been no such responses given by the government of these countries. The peoples of these countries are so poor and they have no other ways except to join the forces, in order to fulfill their needs and the security because of lawlessness in the countries like the countries of Africa.

There is a need of the development of rules and regulations and lathe laws for the welfare of children. These forces are violating the human rights although many efforts done by the UNICEF and other children organizations to save these children from these problems and save their rights but this is only possible by the good government systems. If the government of the country is that weak and no structural changes done in any of the department, then there is no law in to the country. The writer describes those children who are the apart of armed forces and they are those who have no home. They are the street boys and have no any adult to care for them. The children in Sudan because of their poorness join the armed forces and many other groups from the very beginning in order to fulfill their family demands.

In this book the writer discussed the children’s rights and the other aspects with the conventions of human rights and the law and order creation by the other countries of the world. The discussion is focused on various projects on human rights and the implementation of policies for the rights of the children’s conducted in this book. The book covers many problems of the children of Sudan at one place and describes the three stages of their lives. These three stages of the children’s lives are associated mainly with the unaccompanied children who have no home and no necessities of life for their survival.

There are so many books which are written on the topics of children soldiers in the countries, specially in the African countries and writers describe so many aspects of their lives, how they join the armed forces, how they live, how they were forced to join the armed forces, even if they did not want to become the part of armed forces. But they are forced to do so. Many books are written on the child welfare of African countries, and a large discussion was made on the different projects by the United Nations and the other countries of the world to save the rights of the children, but this is only possible when all the countries organizations for children’s welfare work for the children’s rights together and for the release of children from these armed forces. These children who are the part of arm forces are not only the boys, they are the girls too and in African countries girls are also used for these reasons to serve in the arm conflicts.

Article Source: Children In Sudan: By Jamera Rone

Almost since the very beginning of the World War II, Poland went completely under control of German Army. About 3 millions of Jewish people were collected in this country in special ghettos and concentration camps, located all around the territory. The Warsaw Ghetto was established in 1940 and became the largest and the most crowded ghetto, which held from 380,000 up to 450,000 Jewish prisoners. Thousands of people died there much before the uprising, mostly from hunger and different diseases. In 1942 Hitler ordered to begin deportation of ghetto residents in order to liquidate such camps. Till September 1942 about 300,000 Jewish people were transported to another death camp in Treblinka, where the soldiers murdered all the prisoners. Therefore, only about 55,000 – 60,000 people left in the Warsaw Ghetto, and in January 1943 this amount decreased down to 37,000 of exhausted and hardly alive people.

Nevertheless, it became obvious for the survivors that sooner or later they would be also taken to the other place to be murdered by the Nazis. First of all, all the residents of the Warsaw ghetto fell into great despair and started living in expectations of death, but soon the idea of resistance appeared among the survivors. Members of Jewish Fighting Organization (ZOB), which was formed in the ghetto and leaded by 23-year-old Mordecai Anielewicz, started agitation among young people for joining the armed forces for resistance. The first fight took place in January 1943, when German forces undertook one more attempt to direct some “human cargo” to Treblinka. Jewish rebels, armed with firearms and other weapons, managed to expel the Germans from some areas of the camp and save own lives. This small victory inspired the prisoners a lot, because they could understand that the resistance had been effective.  For some following weeks the troops of rebels had some training sessions and worked on creating the strategy of defense in case of future attempts of German Army to take over the ghetto.

Later on, in April, Germans gathered more power and human resources in order to crash the resistance, to collect and deport all the rest of the Warsaw Ghetto residents to extermination camps.  Therefore, on the 19th of April, 1943, the long lasting defense of the Ghetto started. Several hundreds of Jewish prisoners, armed with some guns, pistols, riffles and grenades, set off towards German tanks and crowded troops. The great uprising has started. After the first battles, German troops were forced to withdraw. For some days the rebels could control the majority of the ghetto territories, though all the time shooting could be heard here and there. Finally, German army and police managed to round up the ghetto, and this allowed attacking the rebel troops from all the sides. German General Stroop ordered his army to burn down the ghetto and destroy all the rebels without any delay.Since the end of April German forces started massive attacks on the ghetto: they were ruining all the buildings and capturing more and more prisoners. The troops of rebels continued courageous battles till the end, but the sides in this fight were obviously not equal. Almost all the young people and other members of ZOB, including Mordecai Anielewicz and his closest companions, were killed in the battles. Some people could somehow escape, but sooner or later they were caught by the Nazis and sent to execution.

On the 16th of May the uprising was totally repressed. “Jewish quarter” in Warsaw was completely ruined, all the streets and houses were captured by German forces and everybody alive was gathered and sent to the concentration camps for death. As a result of this fight, about 7,000 Jewish prisoners were killed, 6,000 were burnt alive or destroyed by gas attacks, and about 50,000 of the rest were taken to the Treblinka death camp and ended their lives there. Only about 300 of German soldiers died during the upraise. Therefore, the main goal of the uprising was not achieved and all the inhabitants of the Warsaw Ghetto were killed and murdered by the Nazis. But, certainly, the uprising was an act of great heroism and courage. Knowing that the opponent was much better armed and much more crowded, Jewish prisoners still put every effort into this attempt of saving own lives and lives of their families. This dramatic event was a descriptive example of invincible will and belief, and it inspired many similar movements of rebellion and resistance of Jewish people, which took place later on in other ghettos and extermination camps.

Article Source: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

History shows us that claiming free land has been going on since time immemorial. The task is to choose the right plot in order to claim. This article tells you how to claim effectively for free land. The practice of staking claim on free land or property is not a new one.

Our history books stand testimony to this fact and if you open the pages you will get innumerable such examples. The new settlers who came to America can be sited as one of the best examples from history. These new settlers came and claimed the free property as their own, creating their own houses and farmland on it. Coming back to the present it can be safely stated at this point that there exists millions of such unclaimed plots of land that are lying unregistered and unused waiting for someone to claim them.

The first step for you would be property identification where you need to identify a plot of land on which you would stake a claim on. You have to be selective in this and thereafter do a little bit of detective work. An unclaimed piece of property would always have some sure signs about them. You need to be able to identify such plots with their overgrown gates and gardens, broken and bordered up windows, shrub lands, derelicts, unused garages or even the abandoned commercial premises and industrial buildings. Since such signs are never much obvious, you will surely miss them if you drive about instead of walking around your own neighborhood.

You need to do the Registration Check once your property identification is done. That is, you need to contact the local land registry in order to check whether the said piece of land is already registered or unregistered. It may also be that the status is pending first application. If the plot is already registered there might be many reasons behind it. The owner could have died without leaving any relatives behind. Or it may be that the relative do not want the land or may be the owner has moved abroad abandoning this property. Now, in case it is unregistered, it means it is the still not registered by anybody and hence no owner. This is your best claim bet though it might mean that the owner tracing part will become tough for you. Thirdly, if the status is of ‘Pending first Application’, it means that someone else has already made a claim on it.

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